Sudan's Deepening Crisis: Military Amends Constitution as RSF Backs Parallel GovernmentKhartoum/Nairobi – March 2025

Sudan's Deepening Crisis: Military Amends Constitution as RSF Backs Parallel Government

Khartoum/Nairobi – March 2025

Sudan's political landscape has become increasingly fragmented, with the emergence of two rival governments claiming legitimacy. The military, under Lt. Gen. Abdel Fattah Al-Burhan, has amended the 2019 Constitutional Document to extend its control, while the Sudan Constituent Alliance, supported by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), has adopted a new constitution in Nairobi, establishing a competing administration in opposition to the military's Port Sudan-based government.

Dueling Constitutional Visions
The military-led government’s recent amendments to the 2019 Constitutional Document have bolstered its power, positioning the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) as the country's sole national military force. The revisions mandate that all paramilitary groups, including the RSF, either integrate into the military or be disbanded. Additionally, the amendments formalize the creation of a Security and Defense Council that grants the military expansive executive authority.

On the other hand, the Nairobi Transitional Constitution, signed by the RSF and allied factions, lays out an alternative vision for Sudan’s future. It envisions Sudan as a secular, decentralized state, establishing a governance structure based on eight autonomous regions. The document abolishes the 2019 Constitutional Document and calls for a national army that integrates the RSF and other armed groups. It also stipulates the dismantling of militias linked to the former National Congress Party (NCP) and the Islamic Movement.

The Nairobi Constitution sets forth a two-phase transitional period:

Pre-Transitional Founding Period: This phase lasts until conflicts are resolved.

Transitional Founding Period: This second phase, lasting 10 years, begins once hostilities end and focuses on rebuilding Sudan's governance.

Escalating Conflict and Military Showdown
As both factions move to solidify their control, violent clashes have intensified in Khartoum, Omdurman, and El-Fasher. The RSF, already in control of several key regions, has launched multiple offensives targeting government positions and critical infrastructure. There are growing reports of mass displacement, assassination campaigns, and mounting civilian casualties.

The fighting has not only destabilized Sudan but has also strained the region, as it becomes increasingly difficult for the international community to determine which faction to recognize. Both the military government in Port Sudan and the Nairobi-based administration are seeking global legitimacy and support, creating a complex geopolitical dilemma.

What’s Next?
The deepening crisis presents a stark choice for Sudan’s future: either it will descend further into civil war, or it will find a path toward negotiated governance. International powers must decide whether to endorse the military-led administration or support the RSF-backed government in Nairobi, as the choice will have profound consequences for the country’s future trajectory. With both sides entrenched and the stakes higher than ever, Sudan’s path remains uncertain, and the potential for protracted conflict looms large.



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